"A word or group of words, which denotes the name of the person, animal, place, thing or idea, is known as noun."
"शब्द या शब्दों का वह समूह जो किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान, वस्तु या विचार को व्यक्त करे, संज्ञा कहलाता है ।"
-: TYPES OF NOUN :-
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1) Common Noun ( जातिवाचक संज्ञा ) :
"A common noun is a name, given to one of a class of persons, animals, things, places or ideas."
"किसी व्यक्तियों, जानवरों, वस्तुओं, स्थानों या विचारों के वर्ग का नाम जातिवाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है ।"
Examples :
- A class of persons : Girl, Boy, Teacher, Parent, Doctor, etc.
- A class of animals : Lion, Bird, Mouse, Elephant, etc.
- A class of things : Train, Radio, Tree, Milk, Stone, etc.
- A class of places : Street, Town, City, Hotel, Beach, etc.
- A class of ideas : Religion, Patriotism, Love, Joy, etc.
2) Proper Noun ( व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा ):
"A proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, animal, thing or idea."
"किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर, वस्तु या विचार का विशिष्ट नाम व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है ।"
The first letter of a proper noun is always represented by a capital letter.
Examples :
- Name of Months & Days : January, February, March, Sunday, Monday, etc.
- Name of Companies : Motorola, Reliance, Samsung, Apple, etc.
- Name of People : John, Mohan, Ram, Sachin, Abdul, etc.
- Name of Places : Agra, Aligarh, Newyork, London, Delhi, etc.
- Name of Books : Gitanjali, Discovery of India, The Guide, Wings of Fire, etc.
- Name of Newspaper : The Hindu, Times of India, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala, Hindustan Times, etc.
- Name of Games : Football, Cricket, Golf, Tennis, Chess, etc.
3) Collective Noun ( समूहवाचक संज्ञा ):
"A collective noun is the name of collection of persons, animals, things, places or ideas."
"व्यक्तियों, जानवरों, वस्तुओं, स्थानों और विचारों के समूह के नाम को समूहवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples :
- A collection of people : Crowd
- A collection of soldiers : Army
- A collection of ships : Fleet
- A collection of birds : Flock
- A group of members : Committee
- A group of animals : Herd
- A group of Students : Class
- A group of Lions : Troop
- A group of words : Dictionary
4) Abstract Noun ( भाववाचक संज्ञा ) :
"An abstract noun is the name of quality, state or action."
"विशेषता, अवस्था या क्रिया के नाम को भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Abstract noun can never be perceived by at least one of our five senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, sight).
Examples :
- Quality: Goodness, Kindness, Whiteness, Darkness, Wisdom, Bravery, etc.
- Action: Theft, Fight, Laughter, Movement, etc.
- State: Childhood, Youth, Sleep, Death, Poverty, etc.
5) Concrete Noun ( ठोसवाचक संज्ञा ):
"A concrete noun denoting a material objects rather than an abstract quality, state, or action."
"किसी वस्तु की भाववाचक विशेषता, अवस्था, या क्रिया की जगह भौतिक वस्तुओं को दर्शाने वाली संज्ञा को ठोसवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Concrete noun can be perceived by at least one of our five senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, sight).
Examples : Dog, Building, Tree, Flag, Car, Pen, Ocean, etc.
6) Material Noun :
"A material noun is a name of substance of which things are made."
"उस पदार्थ के नाम को, जिससे वस्तुएँ बनती हैं, द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples : Gold, Iron, Silver, etc.
7) Countable Noun ( गणनीय संज्ञा ):
"Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns."
"वे संज्ञाएँ जिन्हें गिना जा सके, गणनीय संज्ञाएँ कहलाती हैं ।"
Examples : Boys, Car, TVs, etc.
8) Uncountable Noun ( अगणनीय संज्ञा ):
"Nouns that can’t be counted are called uncountable nouns."
"वे संज्ञाएँ जिन्हें गिना ना जा सके, अगणनीय संज्ञाएँ कहलाती हैं ।"
Examples : Information, Water, Furniture, etc.
9) Gender Noun ( लिंगवाचक संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes gender of a person, animal or things, is called gender noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर या वस्तु के लिंग को दर्शाये, लिंगवाचक संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
There are 4 types of gender nouns:
a) Masculine Gender Noun
b) Feminine Gender Noun
c) Neuter Gender Noun
d) Common Gender Noun
a) Masculine Gender Noun ( पुल्लिंग संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes a male animal or person is known as masculine gender noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो पुरुषवाचक व्यक्ति या जानवर को दर्शाये, पुल्लिंग संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Boy, Lion, Horse, etc.
b) Feminine Gender Noun ( स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes a female animal or person is known as feminine gender noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो महिलावाचक व्यक्ति या जानवर को दर्शाये, स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Girl, Lioness, Mare, etc.
c) Neuter Gender Noun ( नपुंसकलिंग संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes neither male nor female is known as neuter gender."
"वे संज्ञा जो ना तो पुरुषवाचक और ना ही महिलावाचक को दर्शाये, नपुंसकलिंग संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Book, Table, Sun, Moon, etc.
d) Common Gender Noun ( उभयलिंग संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes either male or female is known as common gender."
"वे संज्ञा जो या तो पुरुषवाचक या महिलावाचक को दर्शाये, उभयलिंग संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Parent, Child, Friend, Servant, Teacher, etc.
10) Number Noun ( संख्यावाचक संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes a number of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea, is called number noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर, वस्तु, या विचार की संख्या को दर्शाये, संख्यावाचक संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
There are 2 types of number nouns:
a) Singular Noun
b) Plural Noun
a) Singular Noun ( एकवचन संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes one person, place, animal, thing, or idea, is known as singular noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर, वस्तु, या विचार की एक संख्या को दर्शाये, एकवचन संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Boy, Man, City, Dog, Tree, Thought, etc.
b) Plural Noun ( बहुवचन संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes many person, place, animal, thing, or idea, is known as plural noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर, वस्तु, या विचार की एक से ज्यादा संख्या को दर्शाये, बहुवचन संज्ञा कहलाती है ।"
Examples : Boys, Men, Cities, Dogs, Trees, Thoughts, etc.
11) Case Noun ( कारक संज्ञा ):
"A noun that denotes the relation to other words in a sentence is known as case noun."
"वे संज्ञा जो किसी वाक्य में किसी का सम्बन्ध अन्य किसी शब्द के साथ दर्शाये, कारक संज्ञा कहलाती है । "
There are 3 types of case nouns:
a) Nominative Case Noun
b) Objective Case Noun
c) Possessive Case Noun
a) Nominative Case Noun ( कर्ताकारक संज्ञा ):
"When a noun is used as the subject of a verb, is known as nominative case noun."
"जब एक संज्ञा क्रिया के कर्ता के रूप में इस्तेमाल होती है, तो उसे कर्ताकारक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples :
Ram threw a ball. (Here ‘Ram’ is nominative case noun)
b) Objective Case Noun ( कर्मकारक संज्ञा ):
"When a noun is used as the object of a verb, is known as objective case noun."
"जब एक संज्ञा क्रिया के कर्म के रूप में इस्तेमाल होती है, तो उसे कर्मकारक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples :
Ram threw a ball. (Here ‘a ball’ is objective case noun)
c) Possessive Case Noun ( अधिकार कारक संज्ञा ):
"When a noun is used to show ownership or possession, is known as possessive case noun."
"जब संज्ञा किसी प्रकार के अधिकार को दर्शाये, उसे अधिकार कारक संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples :
This is Ram’s Book. (Here Ram’s is possessive case noun)
12. Compound Noun ( संयुक्त संज्ञा ):
"When we put two or more words together to create a new word, that new word is called compound noun."
"जब दो या दो से अधिक शब्द मिलकर एक संज्ञा का काम करें, तो उसे संयुक्त संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Example:
- Noun + Noun : Police officer, Ice-cream, Firefighter
- Noun + Verb : Carwash, Haircut, Milkshake
- Verb + Noun : Cross-road, Cookbook, Jump rope
- Adjective +Noun : Black Eye, Blue Jeans, Hot dog
- Adverb + Noun : On-looker, Downtime, Overtime
- Adverb + Verb : Input, Output, Upswing
Compound nouns can take three forms:
(a) Hyphenated Compounds
(b) Solid Compounds
(c) Open Compounds
(a) Hyphenated Compound Noun :
"When two or more words are connected by one or more hyphens, the result is a hyphenated compound."
"जब दो और दो से अधिक शब्द, एक या एक से अधिक हाइफ़न से जुड़कर संज्ञा का काम करे, तो उसे हाइफ़न सयुंक्त संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Some compound words are hyphenated to avoid being misread or ambiguous.
Examples : Sister-in-law, Jack-in-the-box, Shout-out, Mind-set, Five-year-old, State-of-the-art etc.
(b) Solid Compound Noun :
"Solid compounds are words that are used as a single unit of meaning and it is closed up as solid, or closed, compounds."
"जब दो शब्द जुड़कर एक संज्ञा का कार्य करें तो उसे ठोस संयुक्त संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples : Rollback, Restroom, Whatever, Breakfast, Needlepoint, etc.
(c) Open Compound Noun :
Sometimes no hyphenating or closing up is necessary to form a compound.
"Open compounds are words that are used as a single unit of meaning but are still written separately as two words."
"जब दो शब्द बिना जुड़े एक ही संज्ञा का कार्य करें, तो उसे खुला सयुंक्त संज्ञा कहते हैं ।"
Examples : Wet nurse, Roller coaster, Sleeping bag, First aid, etc.
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