"A group of words, which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence."
"शब्दों का वह समूह, जो अर्थपूर्ण हो, वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Example : Ram goes to school. (राम स्कूल जाता है ।)
Pattern of sentence in English :
Subject (Ram) + Verb (goes) + Object (to school).
Part of Sentence : There are only two part of any Sentence.
- Subject
- Predicate
SUBJECT ( कर्ता ) :
“A noun about which something is said is known as subject.”
"वह संज्ञा, जिसके बारे में कथन हो कर्ता कहलाता है ।"
PREDICATE ( विधेय ) :
“Something which is said about the subject is called predicate.”
"कर्ता के बारे में कहा गया कथन विधेय कहलाता है ।"
Example : He is going to school.
Subject : ‘He’ Predicate : ‘is going to school.’
-: CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE :-
➤ BY STRUCTURE :
1. Simple Sentence ( साधारण वाक्य ) : “The sentence, which contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought, is called Simple Sentence.”
"वाक्य जिसमें एक कर्ता होता है और एक क्रिया होती है तथा वह एक सम्पूर्ण विचार को व्यक्त कर्ता है, साधारण वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Examples :
a) Boys are playing in the ground. ( लड़के मैदान में खेल रहे हैं । )
b) Do you like coffee? ( क्या आपको कॉफ़ी पसंद है ? )
c) You don't listen to me. ( आप मेरी बात नहीं सुनते हो । )
d) He loves to play cricket. ( उसे क्रिकेट खेलना पसंद है । )
e) When does the train usually reach? ( ट्रेन अक्सर कब पहुँचती है ? )
2. Compound Sentence ( संयुक्त वाक्य ) : “A compound sentence has two independent clauses or sentences, the independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as “and”, “for” and “but” etc.) or a semicolon (;)."
Always put comma (,) before the coordinating conjunction.
एक संयुक्त वाक्य में दो स्वतंत्र वाक्यखण्ड अथवा वाक्य होते हैं, इन दोनों स्वतंत्र वाक्यखण्डों को coordinating conjunction ( जैसे "and", "for" और "but" आदि) अथवा अर्ध विराम (;) से जोड़ते हैं ।
Coordinating conjunction से पहले हमेशा अल्पविराम (,) अवश्य लगाते हैं ।
Examples :
a) Ashish went to agra. Ashish came back soon.
Ashish went, and came back soon. ( आशीष चला गया और जल्दी वापस आ गया । )
दिए गए उदाहरण में दो independent clauses दे रखे हैं, उनको coordinating conjunction ( "and" ) से जोड़कर एक compound sentence बनाया गया है तथा coordinating conjunction से पहले comma (,) लगाया गया है ।
इसी तरह हम कुछ और उदाहरण देखेंगे :
b) I have a brother. His name is John.
- I have a brother; his name is john. ( मेरा एक भाई है, उसका नाम जॉन है ।)
c) He is very smart. He does not enjoy party.
- He is very smart, yet he does not enjoy party. ( वह बहुत होशियार है, फिर भी वह पार्टी का आनंद नहीं लेता है ।)
d) Milk is sweet. Milk is good for health.
- Milk is sweet, and it is good for health. ( दूध मीठा है और यह सेहत के लिए अच्छा है ।)
e) She will take coffee. She will take tea.
- She will take coffee, or she will take tea. ( वह कॉफ़ी पीयेगी या वह चाय पीयेगी ।)
3. Complex Sentence ( मिश्रित वाक्य ) : “A Complex Sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.”
These clauses can be joined by a subordinating conjunction (such as although, because, before, even though, if, since, until, and when etc.)
एक मिश्रित वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र वाक्यखण्ड तथा कम से कम एक आश्रित वाक्यखण्ड होता है ।
ये वाक्यखण्ड subordinating conjunction (जैसे although, because, before, even though, if, since, until, and when आदि ) से जोड़े जा सकते हैं ।
The complex sentence has two types of clauses:
a) Independent Clause : “Express a complete idea, i.e. a sentence that makes sense all by itself."
यह सम्पूर्ण विचार को व्यक्त कर्ता है अर्थात अपने आप में पूर्ण अर्थ रखता है ।
b) Dependent Clause : “Does not express a complete idea , it is a part of sentence and does not make sense by itself.”
Dependent clause started with “when”, “while”, “That”, “Before”, “Because”, “Since”, “After” , “Or”…etc.
यह सम्पूर्ण विचार को व्यक्त नहीं कर्ता है अर्थात यह वाक्य का एक हिस्सा होता और यह अपने आप में अर्थहीन होता है ।
ये वाक्य “when”, “while”, “That”, “Before”, “Because”, “Since”, “After” , “Or” आदि से शुरू होते हैं ।
Examples :
a) Nobody believes him. He is fraud.
- Nobody believes him because he is fraud. ( कोई भी उसपर यकीन नहीं करता है क्यूंकि वह धोखेबाज़ है ।)
- Because he is fraud, nobody believes him.
दिए गए उदाहरण में एक Independent और एक dependent clause दे रखे हैं, जिनको subordinating conjunction ( because ) से जोड़कर एक complex sentence बनाया गया है ।
इसी तरह हम कुछ और उदाहरण देखेंगे :
b) She was not happy. She was late for work.
- She was not happy because she was late for work. ( वह खुश नहीं है क्यूंकि उसे काम के लिए देर हो गयी थी ।)
- Because she was late for work, she was not happy.
c) I enjoyed playing football. I was child.
- I enjoyed playing football when I was child. ( जब मैं बच्चा था मुझे फुटबाल खेलना पसंद करता था ।)
- When I was child, I enjoyed playing football.
d) He was lonely. He called his friends.
- He called his friends whenever he was lonely. ( जब कभी वह अकेला होता था, वह अपने दोस्तों को बुलाता था ।)
- Whenever he was lonely, he called his friends.
e) He is my father. He is a teacher.
- He is my father who is a teacher. ( वह मेरे पिताजी हैं, जो एक अध्यापक हैं ।)
- He, who is a teacher, is my father.
4. Complex – Compound Sentence ( मिश्रित - संयुक्त वाक्य ) : “A Complex-Compound sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
वह वाक्य जिनमें कम से कम दो स्वतंत्र वाक्यखण्ड और कम से कम एक आश्रित वाक्यखण्ड होता है, मिश्रित - संयुक्त वाक्य कहलाता है ।
Example: When a man does stunt that is not news because it happens so often, but if a women does stunt that is news.
➤ BY PURPOSE :
1. Assertive Sentence ( निश्चयात्मक वाक्य ) :
“A sentence, that makes a statement or declaration, is called assertive sentence.”
"वह वाक्य जो एक कथन बनाता या घोषणा करता है, निश्चयात्मक वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Assertive Sentences are of two types:
(i) Affirmative Sentence : “A sentence, which states something which shows affirmation, is called affirmative sentence.”
वह वाक्य जो सकारात्मकता (होना या सहमति) दर्शाये, सकारात्मक वाक्य कहलाते हैं ।
Examples :
a) He is a good boy. ( वह एक अच्छा लड़का है ।)
b) I am going to Delhi. ( मैं दिल्ली जा रहा हूँ ।)
c) He likes you. ( वह तुमको पसंद करता है ।)
(ii) Negative Sentence : “A sentence, which states something which shows negation/denial, is called negative sentence.”
वह वाक्य जो नकारात्मकता ( न होना या असहमति) दर्शाये, नकारात्मक वाक्य कहलाते हैं ।
Examples :
a) He is not a good boy. ( वह एक अच्छा लड़का नहीं है ।)
b) I am not going to Delhi. ( मैं दिल्ली नहीं जा रहा हूँ ।)
c) He doesn't like you. ( वह तुमको पसंद नहीं करता है ।)
2. Interrogative Sentence ( प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य ) :
“A sentence, which asks question or enquirers about something, is called interrogative sentence.”
"वह वाक्य जो किसी के बारे में प्रश्न पूछे या पूछताछ करें, प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Interrogative sentences are of two types:
(i) Sentence starting with “Helping Verb” : A Sentence, which starts with helping verb (Do, Does, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Had, Has, Have, Will, Shall).
हिंदी वाक्य रचना में प्रश्नवाचक शब्द "क्या" वाक्य के प्रारंभ में उपस्थित होता है; जबकि अंग्रेजी वाक्य रचना में ऐसे वाक्य सहायक क्रिया से प्रारंभ होते हैं।
Examples :
a) Is he a good boy? ( क्या वह एक अच्छा लड़का है ? )
b) Are you there? ( क्या तुम वहां हो ? )
c) Do you like coffee? ( क्या तुम्हें कॉफ़ी पसंद है ? )
(ii) Sentence starting with “Question Word” : A sentence, which starts with question word (Who, Whom, Whose, What, Where, Why, When, How, Which etc.).
हिंदी वाक्य रचना में प्रश्नवाचक शब्द (कौन, किसको, किसका, क्या, कहाँ, क्यूँ, कब, कैसे, कौन-सा आदि) वाक्य के मध्य में ; जबकि अंग्रेजी वाक्य रचना में प्रश्नवाचक शब्द (Who, Whom, Whose, What, Where, Why, When, How, Which etc.) वाक्य के प्रारंभ में उपस्थित होते हैं ।
Examples :
a) What is your name? ( तुम्हारा नाम क्या है ? )
b) Where do you live? ( तुम कहाँ रहते हो ? )
c) Why are you late? ( तुम्हें देर क्यूँ हो गयी है ? )
3. Imperative Sentence ( आज्ञावाचक वाक्य ) :
“A sentence, which shows order, advice, suggestion, prohibition, and request, is called imperative sentence.”
"वह वाक्य जो आज्ञा, सलाह, सुझाव, अवरोध तथा विनती दर्शाए, आज्ञावाचक वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Examples :
a) Come here. ( यहाँ आओ ।)
b) Shut the door. ( दरबाजा बंद कर दो ।)
c) Smoking is prohibited here. ( यहाँ धूम्रपान करना मना है ।)
d) Don't drive so fast ! ( ज्यादा तेज मत चलाओ ।)
e) Please help me. ( कृपया मेरी मदद करो ।)
4. Optative Sentence ( कामनावाचक वाक्य ) :
“A sentence, which shows a wish, a blessing or a prayer, is known as optative sentence."
"वह वाक्य जो बधाई, आर्शीवाद या प्रार्थना दर्शाए, कामनावाचक वाक्य कहलाता है ।"
Examples :
a) May God help you. ( ईश्वर तुम्हारी मदद करे ।)
b) May you prosper in life. ( आप जीवन में समृद्ध हों ।)
c) May he passes the examination. ( वह परीक्षा पास कर जाए ।)
d) Wish you a very happy married life. ( आपके सुखद वैवाहिक जीवन की कामना करता हूँ ।)
e) May he get the job! ( उसको नौकरी मिल जाए ।)
5. Exclamatory Sentence ( विस्मयवाचक वाक्य ) :
“A sentence, which shows mental passions, thoughts, sudden feelings of mind, is known as exclamatory sentence.”
"वह वाक्य जो अचानक से दिमाग में आये हुए विचारों को व्यक्त करे, विस्मयवाचक वाक्य कहलाते हैं ।"
Examples :
a) Oh! Anil is here. (ओह ! अनिल यहाँ है ।)
b) What a cute baby ! ( कितना प्यारा बच्चा है !)
c) How slow you are ! ( तुम कितना सुस्त हो !)
d) Hoorah! We won the match. ( हुर्राह ! हम मैच जीत गए ।)
e) Wow, you look so beautiful ! (वाह ! तुम बहुत सुन्दर लग रही हो ।)
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